Valores de riesgo vascular de indicadores metabólicos en adolescentes y ancianos de La Habana / Vascular Risk Values of Metabolic Indicators in Adolescents and Elderlies from Havana

Introducción: Durante el ciclo de vida de los individuos son imprescindibles intervenciones para detectar y reducir el riesgo y las complicaciones de las enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de valores de riesgo vascular de los principales indicadores del metabolismo glucídico y lipídico en adolescentes y ancianos de La Habana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra conformada por adolescentes (469 de 12-16 años) aparentemente sanos y ancianos (395 de 65-100 años) sin diagnóstico de enfermedades asociadas a la alteración marcada del estado nutricional y metabólico. Ambas poblaciones fueron evaluadas para glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteinas de alta densidad y colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, séricos, mediante métodos enzimáticos convencionales. Se usaron rangos de riesgo referentes. Los resultados se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: En los adolescentes evaluados, los triglicéridos (35,6 por ciento) y el colesterol total (23,9 por ciento) mostraron las mayores frecuencias de valores de riesgo. En las hembras ambos marcadores se mantuvieron como los más elevados en ese orden, mientras que, en los varones, la glucosa (25,5 por ciento) secundó a los triglicéridos como indicadores más alterados. En ancianos, al colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (58,2 por ciento) y al colesterol total (48,6 por ciento) correspondieron las mayores frecuencias de cifras de riesgo, patrón que se repitió en cada sexo. Los valores promedio de los indicadores fueron marcadamente superiores en ancianos que, en adolescentes, excepto para glucosa y colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos muestran una elevada prevalencia de valores de riesgo vascular de varios indicadores metabólicos evaluados en adolescentes y ancianos, lo que sugiere la necesidad de monitorear los indicadores analizados e implementar intervenciones modificadoras de sus valores hacia la reducción del riesgo asociado, desde etapas tempranas, como las previas a la adolescencia(AU)

Introduction: During the life cycle of individuals, interventions are essential to detect and reduce the risk and complications of chronic diseases. Objective: To determine the prevalence of vascular risk values of the main indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in adolescents and elderlies in Havana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample made up of apparently healthy adolescents (469; aged 12-16 years) and elderlies (395 aged 65-100 years) without a diagnosis of diseases associated with marked alteration of nutritional and metabolic status. Both populations were evaluated regarding serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol using conventional enzymatic methods. Reference risk ranges were used. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: In the evaluated adolescents, triglycerides (35.6 percent) and total cholesterol (23.9 percent) showed the highest frequencies of risk values. In females, both markers remained the highest in that aspect; while in males, glucose (25.5 percent) accounted second after triglycerides as the most altered indicators. In the elderlies, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (58.2 percent) and total cholesterol (48.6 percent) corresponded to the highest frequencies of risk values, a pattern that was repeated in each sex. The average values of the indicators were markedly higher in the elderlies than in adolescents, except for glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions: The results obtained show high prevalence of vascular risk values of several metabolic indicators evaluated in adolescents and elderlies, which suggests the need to monitor the analyzed indicators and implement interventions to modify such values, in view of reducing the associated risk, from stages early, such as the pre-adolescence stage(AU)

Conjugates of α-lactalbumin, ß-lactoglobulin, and lysozyme with polysaccharides: Characterization and techno-functional properties.

Conjugates of protein (α-lactalbumin, ß-lactoglobulin, and lysozyme) with polysaccharides (guar, locust, pectin, and carboxymethilcellulose) were prepared via Maillard reaction by the dry-heating method. The conjugates were characterizated by using the browning index, extent of reaction, grafting degree, sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis, fluorescence, and circular dichroism. The emulsifying properties and foaming ability of the formed conjugates were also evaluated. Conjugates with pectin and Lz-CMC system showed an increase in the browning index with the increase of the heating time. Circular dichroism and fluorescence data pointed out to conformational changes of proteins during glycation. The lysozyme (lz) conjugates presented the highest degree of glycation (89.1%). The α-Lactalbumin (α-la) - polysaccharides (PS) conjugates showed foam stability higher than the mixture (α-la + PS), the pure α-la, and the conjugates of ß-lactoglobulin (ß-lg) and lysozyme (lz) for all studied time (30, 60, and 120 min). The α-la-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) conjugate presented the highest value of foaming stability (85.71). The pure ß-lg shows greater foam stability and volume than ß-lg-PS conjugates and mixture (ß-lg + PS). The lz conjugates do not exihibit foam stability, except for the lz-CMC conjugate that showed stability up to 60 min. Furthermore, emulsion stability of the systems was affected by sonication time. Conjugates of α-la have greatly potencial applications as novel foaming agents in food industry.

Historical trace element accumulation in marine sediments from the Tamaulipas shelf, Gulf of Mexico: An assessment of natural vs anthropogenic inputs.

The Gulf of Mexico is considered one of the world's major marine ecosystems, supporting important fisheries and habitats such as barrier islands, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, coral reefs etc. It also hosts a range of complex offshore petroleum exploration, extraction, and refining industries, which may have chronic or acute impacts on ecosystem functioning. Previous work on the marine effects of this activity is geographically incomplete, and has tended to focus on direct hydrocarbon impacts, while impacts from other related contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, salt-rich drilling muds) which may be discharged from oil facilities have not been widely assessed. Here, we examine historical trace element accumulation in marine sediments collected from four sites in the Tamaulipas shelf, Gulf of Mexico, in the area of the Arenque oil field. Dated sediment cores were used to examine the sources, and historical and contemporary inputs, of trace metals (including those typically present in oil industry discharges) and their potential biological impact in the Tamaulipas aquatic environment over the last 100years. CaO (i.e. biogenic component) normalized data showed increasing V, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Zr and Ba towards the sediment surface in three of the four cores, with Ba and V (based on an adverse effect index) possibly associated with adverse effects on organisms. Dated Ba/CaO profiles show an increase of 30-137% after opening of oil installations in the study area, and can be broadly correlated with increasing oil industry activities across the wider Gulf of Mexico. Data do not record however a clear enhancement of Ba concentration in sediment cores collected near to oil platforms over more distal cores, indicating that any Ba released from drilling platforms is incorporated quickly into the sediments around the drilling sites, and once this element has been deposited its rate of resuspension and mobility is low. CAPSULE ABSTRACT: Sediment core data from the Tamaulipas shelf show the influence of oil industry activities on selected trace element concentrations, with Ba/CaO broadly correlating with increasing oil industry activities across the wider Gulf of Mexico.

Applicability of the current hypertension guidelines in Latin America.

Recent research has focused on the development of evidence-based guidelines that are intended to regulate the conduct of physicians in the diagnosis and control of hypertension, with the goal of achieving greater effectiveness and equity at the lowest possible cost. In Latin America, guidelines are available for the management of hypertension at three levels: national, regional and international. The national and regional Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) guidelines are in fact adaptations of the international guidelines. The potential benefit of applying guidelines developed in other regions to local healthcare decision making is that it will enable decision makers to take advantage of existing analyses and transfer or adapt them to their local contexts. However, this adaptation precludes the assessment of their generalizability and potential transferability. In addition, this region is characterized by wide socioeconomic differences between its inhabitants, both among and within nations. Therefore, new guidelines for the LAC region must include recommendations that are common to all hypertensive patients in the region. Moreover, we advocate the inclusion of a specific section that makes comprehensive recommendations and provides strategies for implementation according to the socioeconomic conditions of particular groups. In addition to developing guidelines that are truly applicable to the LAC region, it seems sensible to consider information that is specific to this region. Furthermore, developing evidence-based guidelines is not enough to affect positively the burden of disease caused by hypertension. Therefore, professional programs are required for the implementation of such guidelines as well as the auditing of their results. Achieving these ambitious goals will require collaborative efforts by many groups including policymakers, international organizations, healthcare providers, universities and society.

Sobrepeso y dislipidemias en adolescentes / Overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers

Introducción: actualmente hay consenso en que el proceso aterosclerótico se inicia en la infancia, y la dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénicos que deben ser estudiados, así como la valoración nutricional para una adecuada prevención. Objetivo: identificar algunas señales de aterosclerosis tempranas como el sobrepeso y las dislipidemias en adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 372 adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica Protesta de Baraguá. Se hicieron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Se tomó muestra de sangre venosa con ayuno de 12 horas. Se midió el colesterol total, el colesterol unido a lipoproteína baja y alta densidad, y triglicéridos. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron prueba de comprobación de media entre variables de valoración nutricional y lipídicas entre sexos (prueba t), y se trabajó con una probabilidad de error menor de 0,05. Resultados: la media del peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura fueron mayores en el sexo masculino (p< 0,05). El exceso de peso fue 23,7 por ciento, y a partir del percentil 90-97 hubo un 21,8 por ciento de exceso de grasa abdominal. La media del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y triglicéridos, fue similar en los diferentes sexos, sin relación significativa (p> 0,05). El 18,5 por ciento presentó colesterol total limítrofe alto, el 26,6 por ciento tenía triglicéridos limítrofe alto y 7,5 Overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers alto, con predominio del sexo femenino. Conclusiones: alrededor de la cuarta parte de los adolescentes tenían exceso de peso e incremento de la grasa abdominal, casi la cuarta parte tenía el colesterol total limítrofe y alto, y la alteración lipídica observada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertrigliceridemia(AU)

Introduction: there is a current consensus that the atherosclerotic process begins at childhood and that dyslipidemia is one of the atherogenic risk factors to be studied together with the nutritional assessment for the adequate prevention of atherosclerosis. Objective: to identify some early signs of atherosclerosis such as overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 372 teenagers from Protesta de Baragua junior high school. Weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hour fasting. Total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were all measured. The statistical analysis included the t test among nutritional assessment and lipid variables between sexes and the error probability was lower than 0.05. Results: weight, height and waist circumference means were higher in males (p< 0.05). Overweight was 23.7 percent and from the 90-97th percentile, the excessive abdominal fat was 21.8 percent. The mean of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins and triglycerides was similar in both sexes, with no significant relation (p> 0.05). In this group, 18.5 of adolescents presented with borderline high total cholesterol, 26.6 showed borderline high triglyceride rate and 7.5 percent had high cholesterol, being females predominant. Conclusions: one fourth of adolescents approximately exhibited overweight and increased abdominal fat; almost 25 percent had reached borderline and high total cholesterol whereas the most observed lipid disorder was hypertrigliceridemia(AU)

Sobrepeso y dislipidemias en adolescentes / Overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente hay consenso en que el proceso aterosclerótico se inicia en la infancia, y la dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénicos que deben ser estudiados, así como la valoración nutricional para una adecuada prevención. OBJETIVO: identificar algunas señales de aterosclerosis tempranas como el sobrepeso y las dislipidemias en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 372 adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica "Protesta de Baraguá". Se hicieron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Se tomó muestra de sangre venosa con ayuno de 12 horas. Se midió el colesterol total, el colesterol unido a lipoproteína baja y alta densidad, y triglicéridos. En el análisis estadístico se realizaron prueba de comprobación de media entre variables de valoración nutricional y lipídicas entre sexos (prueba t), y se trabajó con una probabilidad de error menor de 0,05. RESULTADOS: la media del peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura fueron mayores en el sexo masculino (p< 0,05). El exceso de peso fue 23,7 %, y a partir del percentil 90-97 hubo un 21,8 % de exceso de grasa abdominal. La media del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad y triglicéridos, fue similar en los diferentes sexos, sin relación significativa (p> 0,05). El 18,5 % presentó colesterol total limítrofe alto, el 26,6 % tenía triglicéridos limítrofe alto y 7,5 % alto, con predominio del sexo femenino. CONCLUSIONES: alrededor de la cuarta parte de los adolescentes tenían exceso de peso e incremento de la grasa abdominal, casi la cuarta parte tenía el colesterol total limítrofe y alto, y la alteración lipídica observada con mayor frecuencia fue la hipertrigliceridemia.

INTRODUCTION: there is a current consensus that the atherosclerotic process begins at childhood and that dyslipidemia is one of the atherogenic risk factors to be studied together with the nutritional assessment for the adequate prevention of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: to identify some early signs of atherosclerosis such as overweight and dyslipidemias in teenagers. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study of 372 teenagers from "Protesta de Baragua" junior high school. Weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Blood samples were taken after 12 hour fasting. Total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were all measured. The statistical analysis included the t test among nutritional assessment and lipid variables between sexes and the error probability was lower than 0.05. RESULTS: weight, height and waist circumference means were higher in males (p< 0.05). Overweight was 23.7 % and from the 90-97th percentile, the excessive abdominal fat was 21.8 %. The mean of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins and triglycerides was similar in both sexes, with no significant relation (p> 0.05). In this group, 18.5 % of adolescents presented with borderline high total cholesterol, 26.6 % showed borderline high triglyceride rate and 7.5 % had high cholesterol, being females predominant. CONCLUSIONS: one fourth of adolescents approximately exhibited overweight and increased abdominal fat; almost 25 % had reached borderline and high total cholesterol whereas the most observed lipid disorder was hypertrigliceridemia.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y su relación con la hipertensión arterial en adolescentes / Cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with the hypertension in adolescents

Introducción: cada día las crisis de aterosclerosis se manifiestan en personas de menor edad y está demostrada la importancia de conocer los principales factores que la originan, entre ellos la obesidad. En los niños y adolescentes cubanos el sobrepeso y la obesidad se han incrementado de manera notable. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes supuestamente sanos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en adolescentes supuestamente sanos de la secundaria básica Protesta de Baraguá. La muestra estuvo constituida por 687 estudiantes. Se aplicó el modelo de recolección de dato primario del Centro de Investigaciones y Referencia en Aterosclerosis de La Habana. Se realizaron mensuraciones de peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura. Se evaluó el estado nutricional por percentiles de índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Las cifras de tensión arterial se clasificaron según los percentiles de tensión arterial ajustados para edad, sexo y talla. Resultados: se halló que 46 adolescentes (6,6 por ciento) eran fumadores, la relación fue estadísticamente significativa en relación con el sexo; 96 (13,9 por ciento) tenían sobrepeso y 64 (9,3 por ciento) eran obesos; la circunferencia de la cintura mostró que 98 (14,2 por ciento) tenían posible situación de riesgo y 56 (8,1por ciento) eran francamente atípicos (percentil>97) ; 4 por ciento de los adolescentes tenían tensión arterial alta En todos los casos predominó el sexo masculino. El antecedente familiar de obesidad se presentó en 73 (10,6 por ciento) y la relación resultó estadísticamente significativa en varones. Conclusiones: predominó el hábito tabáquico, la hipertensión arterial, el sobrepeso, la obesidad y los antecedentes familiares de obesidad, en el sexo masculino y en las féminas predominaron los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial y de diabetes mellitus(AU)

Introduction: everyday atherosclerosis crises manifest in younger people and it is demonstrated the importance of knowing the main factors that cause it, including obesity. In Cuban children and adolescents, overweight and obesity have dramatically increased. Objective: to identify cardiovascular risk factors in supposedly healthy adolescents. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in supposedly healthy adolescents from 12 to 15 years from a secondary basic school. The objective was identifying cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with hypertension. The sample was constituted by 687 students. Data were registered in the primary data collection form of Havana Research and Reference Centre on Atherosclerosis. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were performed. Nutritional status by percentiles of body mass index and waist circumference were also evaluated. The blood pressure levels were classified according to the percentiles of blood pressure adjusted for age, sex, and height. Results: 46 adolescents (6.6 percent) were found to be smokers, the relationship was statistically significant in relation to gender, 96 (13.9 percent) were overweight and 64 (9.3 percent) were obese; circumference waist showed that 98 (14.2 percent) had possible risks, and 56 (8.1 percent) were frankly atypical, 4 percent adolescents had high blood pressure. Male adolescents predominated in all parameters. Family history of obesity occurred in 73 (10.6 percent) and the relationship was statistically significant in males. Conclusions: predominance of smoking, hypertension, overweight, obesity and family history of obesity prevailed in male adolescents males; whereas family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus prevailed in female adolescents(AU)

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y su relación con la hipertensión arterial en adolescentes / Cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with the hypertension in adolescents

Introducción: cada día las crisis de aterosclerosis se manifiestan en personas de menor edad y está demostrada la importancia de conocer los principales factores que la originan, entre ellos la obesidad. En los niños y adolescentes cubanos el sobrepeso y la obesidad se han incrementado de manera notable. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes supuestamente sanos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en adolescentes supuestamente sanos de la secundaria básica "Protesta de Baraguá". La muestra estuvo constituida por 687 estudiantes. Se aplicó el modelo de recolección de dato primario del Centro de Investigaciones y Referencia en Aterosclerosis de La Habana. Se realizaron mensuraciones de peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura. Se evaluó el estado nutricional por percentiles de índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Las cifras de tensión arterial se clasificaron según los percentiles de tensión arterial ajustados para edad, sexo y talla. Resultados: se halló que 46 adolescentes (6,6 %) eran fumadores, la relación fue estadísticamente significativa en relación con el sexo; 96 (13,9 %) tenían sobrepeso y 64 (9,3 %) eran obesos; la circunferencia de la cintura mostró que 98 (14,2 %) tenían posible situación de riesgo y 56 (8,1%) eran francamente atípicos (percentil>97) ; 4 % de los adolescentes tenían tensión arterial alta En todos los casos predominó el sexo masculino. El antecedente familiar de obesidad se presentó en 73 (10,6 %) y la relación resultó estadísticamente significativa en varones. Conclusiones: predominó el hábito tabáquico, la hipertensión arterial, el sobrepeso, la obesidad y los antecedentes familiares de obesidad, en el sexo masculino y en las féminas predominaron los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial y de diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: everyday atherosclerosis crises manifest in younger people and it is demonstrated the importance of knowing the main factors that cause it, including obesity. In Cuban children and adolescents, overweight and obesity have dramatically increased. Objective: to identify cardiovascular risk factors in supposedly healthy adolescents. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in supposedly healthy adolescents from 12 to 15 years from a secondary basic school. The objective was identifying cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with hypertension. The sample was constituted by 687 students. Data were registered in the primary data collection form of Havana Research and Reference Centre on Atherosclerosis. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were performed. Nutritional status by percentiles of body mass index and waist circumference were also evaluated. The blood pressure levels were classified according to the percentiles of blood pressure adjusted for age, sex, and height. Results: 46 adolescents (6.6 %) were found to be smokers, the relationship was statistically significant in relation to gender, 96 (13.9 %) were overweight and 64 (9.3 %) were obese; circumference waist showed that 98 (14.2 %) had possible risks, and 56 (8.1 %) were frankly atypical, 4% adolescents had high blood pressure. Male adolescents predominated in all parameters. Family history of obesity occurred in 73 (10.6 %) and the relationship was statistically significant in males. Conclusions: predominance of smoking, hypertension, overweight, obesity and family history of obesity prevailed in male adolescents males; whereas family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus prevailed in female adolescents.

Relación entre lípidos séricos y glucemia con índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura en adolescentes de la secundaria básica Protesta de Baraguá-Cuba / Relationship between serum lipids and fasting glycaemia with body mass index and waist circumference in adolescents from high school Protesta de Baraguá-Cuba

Antecedentes: la enfermedad cardiovascular se asocia con alteraciones lipídicas, hiperglucemia y exceso de peso. Objetivo: asociar las alteraciones en los lípidos séricos y la glucemia con exceso de peso y adiposidad corporal, en adolescentes aparentemente sanos. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal en 372 adolescentes de12 a 15 años, de la escuela secundaria básica Protesta de Baraguá-Cuba, en quienes se relacionó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de la cintura con los lípidos séricos y la glucemia. Resultados: se encontraron las siguientes prevalencias: CT>170 mg/dL, 24,7%; c-LDL>110 mg/dL, 12,6%; TG>90 mg/dL, 34,1%; c-HDL<45 mg/dL, 16,1% y glucemia >125mg/dL 10,5%. La prevalencia de exceso de peso según IMC >p85 fue 14,7% y la de valores de riesgo y atípicos de circunferencia de cintura (CC) fue 23,6%. Según Chi2 en las mujeres se encontraron diferencias entre glucemia >125mg/dL según IMC y CC (p<0,001) y en los hombre entre c-HDL<45mg/dL según CC (p=0,037) y entre TG >90 mg/dL según IMC (p=0,040) y CC (p=0,036). Las demás comparaciones entre lípidos séricos y glucemia según IMC y CC no fueron significativas (p>0,05). Conclusión: en los adolescentes estudiados las prevalencias de exceso de peso y de adiposidad central fueron altas, las relaciones entre valores alterados de TG, c-HDL e hiperglucemia con exceso de peso y adiposidad central dependen del sexo.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is associated with lipid abnormalities, hyperglycaemia and overweight. Objectives: To study the relationship between serum lipids and fasting glycaemia with body mass index and waist circumference. Materials and methods: 372 adolescents, 12 to 15 years, participated in a cross sectional study. Associations between Body Mass Index and waist circumference with serum lipids and glycaemia were evaluated. Results: The following prevalence was found: CT>170 mg/dL, 24.7%; LDL- c >110 mg/dL, 12.6%; TG>90 mg/dL, 34.1%; HDL-c<45 mg/dL, 6.1% and glycaemia >125mg/dL 10.5%. Overweight prevalence, BMI> p85 was 14.7% and risk of high waist circumference and atypical values was 23.6%. According Chi2, in girls differences were found between glycaemia > 125mg/dl according BMI and WC (p <0.001) and in boys between HDL-c <45mg/dL according WC (p = 0.037) and between TG > 90 mg / dL according BMI (p = 0.040) and WC (p = 0.036). Conclusions: In adolescents studied the prevalence of overweight and central adiposity were high, the relationship between altered TG, HDL-c and hyperglycemia overweight and central adiposity values depend on sex.

Medium- and short-term interventions with ma-pi 2 macrobiotic diet in type 2 diabetic adults of bauta, havana.

Background. In Cuba, the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet has shown positive results in 6-month assays with type 2 diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of this diet at short and medium terms. Methods. Sixty-five type 2 diabetic volunteers were included for dietary intervention, institutionally based for 21 days and followed later at home, until completing 3 months. 54 of them stayed until assay end. Before intervention, and after both assay periods, they were submitted to anthropometric records, body composition analyses and measurements of serum biochemical indicators, glycemic profile in capillary blood, blood pressure, and medication consumption; food intake was evaluated by the 3-day dietary recall. Results. During the intervention, the energy intake was 200 kcal higher at instance of more complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber and despite less fat and protein. Blood pressure and serum biochemical indicators decreased significantly in both periods; the safety nutritional indicators (hemoglobin, serum total proteins, and albumin) showed no variations. The global cardiovascular risk decreased and insulin consumption dropped by 46% and 64%, in both periods, respectively. Conclusions. The Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet was a successful therapy at short term and after 3-month home-based intervention, for type 2 diabetics.

Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial / Treatment of the arterial hypertension

Información general sobre la hipertensión arterial y los tipos de medicamentos utilizados en su tratamiento: diuréticos; bloqueadores simpáticos; vasodilatadores; calcioantagonistas; inhibidores de la enzima convertidora; inhibidores de la serotonina

Prevalencia de traumas oculares por accidentes de trabajo

Con el propósito de conocer la prevalencia de Traumas Oculares asociados a accidentes laborales en los trabajadores afiliados al Instituto Dominicano de Seguros Sociales, realizamos el presente estudio el cual se enmarca dentro del diseños epidemiológicos retrospectivos, con nivel de análisis descriptivo, el mismo se realizó en el año 1987. En el período estudiado se registró un total de 6,661 accidentes laborales de los cuales 270 correspondieron a los traúmas oculares (4.5%). La mayor proporción de traúmas oculares se registró en los trabajadores de la industria azucarera, industria de la construcción y en los trabajadores agrícolas, con 44.4%, 18.9% y 14% respectivamente. A partir de nuestro planteamientos hipotéticos observamos que los accidentes de trabajo y en particular los traúmas oculares no son fenómenos que se dan de forma aislada ni casual, sino que están estrictamente vinculados con un grupo de variables en conjunto ligadas a las formas de organización que caracteriza el proceso productivo

Estudio comparativo del efecto de la prazosina y del propranolol sobre los lípidos séricos / Comparative study of the effect of prazosin and propanolol on serum lipido

Se estudiaron 30 pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial ligera a moderada, 14 varones y 16 mujeres con edad promedio de 42.6 años, a quienes se distribuyó al azar en dos grupos de 15 cada uno. El estudio fue abierto y comparativo, utilizando placebo dos semanas, prazosina 3 mg/día promedio o propranolol 120 mg/día promedio, por ocho semanas para cada grupo. Se realizó perfil de lípidos antes y después de administrar cada fármaco. La presión sistólica se redujo con prazosina tanto en decúbito como de pie (p<0,02); con propranolo en decúbito (p<0.05) y de pie (p<0,001); la diastólica se redujo con ambos fármacos tanto en clino como en ortostatismo (p<0.001). El colesterol no mostró cambios con prazosina, mientras que con propranolol aumentó (p<0.001). No hubo cambios en triglicéridos ni en lipoproteínas de alta densidad con ningún medicamento. Las lipoproteínas de baja densidad no se modificaron con prazosina, pero con propranolol aumentaron en forma significativa (p<0.001). Ambos fármacos produjeron efectos adversos mínimos. Se concluye que prazosina es un antihipertensivo eficaz, que no incrementa el riesgo coronario por dislipidemia, como puede ocurrir con los bloqueadores adrenérgicos beta u otros medicamentos